Transcript: Dr. Peter Marks on

The next is the complete transcript of an interview with Dr. Peter Marks, former head of FDA’s Heart for Biologics Analysis and Analysis, a portion of which aired on “Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan” on April 13, 2025.

MARGARET BRENNAN: We’re joined by Dr. Peter Marks, who not too long ago resigned because the FDA’s prime vaccine regulator. Welcome to Face the Nation. 

DR. PETER MARKS: Thanks a lot for having me immediately. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: I wish to speak to you about a variety of issues, however let’s discuss one of the crucial instant issues, and that’s this measles outbreak. The CDC has now really helpful further measles photographs for folks touring inside the U.S., particularly to the states of Kansas and Texas on account of document outbreaks. The steering wasn’t on the web site, however it was instructed to native authorities, what do you make of that public well being steering?

DR. MARKS: What I make of that’s that we’ve sufficient unfold of measles and a few uncertainty in folks’s vaccination standing that they are attempting to ensure that individuals are as protected as they are often. Some individuals who had been vaccinated, as an example, for a interval within the early 60s, they is probably not totally vaccinated within the extent that the vaccine was not pretty much as good again then. So generally we ask them to get revaccinated and moreover, some folks do not know their vaccination standing. So higher to be secure than to place your self in danger, as a result of it’s a very- it is one of many safer vaccines that we’ve. The truth is, it’s presumably characterised as among the many most secure vaccines that we’ve.

MARGARET BRENNAN: The MMR vaccine. 

DR. MARKS: The MMR vaccine. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: So that you simply mentioned one thing fascinating. You mentioned the- the composition of the shot was totally different years in the past, the standard of it?

DR. MARKS: It- it was- proper, nicely, it was the standard of the shot that was being given, the efficiency, that is the power of it. For a time period for just a few years within the early 60s was such that there are usually folks within the interval between about 1957 and 1967 in the event that they bought vaccinated in opposition to measles, they could wish to ask their physician if they need to be revaccinated.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Okay, I focus in on that, as a result of the HHS Secretary mentioned that the measles vaccine quote “wanes,” that was the phrase he utilized in effectiveness 4.5 % annually, and that older individuals are basically unvaccinated and unprotected. That is barely totally different from what you are saying. Is what he characterised appropriate, as a result of it does sound such as you’re saying older Individuals may wish to look into this. 

DR. MARKS: Older Individuals- so to start with, for those who had been born earlier than 1957 it is unlikely that it’s important to fear about this, since you nearly definitely had the measles like I did. I wasn’t born earlier than 1957 however I had the measles simply the identical, okay. However for those who had been born earlier than 1957 we do not fear about measles vaccination as a result of it is assumed that individuals had the measles, and pure measles an infection provides one fairly strong lifetime immunity. There is a interval between 1957, 1967 some folks say 1963, however to be beneficiant we’ll say 1967, when for those who bought the measles vaccine, you may wish to verify together with your physician. After which, since that point, although, the newer model of the measles vaccine, so long as you have had two doses of that vaccine, it is usually thought of to supply lifetime safety, and we do not usually see folks later in life getting measles. I imply, it is true, there are individuals who have immunocompromising circumstances which will must be revaccinated later in life. However typically, for those who’ve had two doses of the measles vaccine, one does not must get revaccinated. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: Two doses, it isn’t carrying off is what you are saying.

DR. MARKS: It is- nicely–

MARGARET BRENNAN: It is not waning? 

DR. MARKS: It is- it is not- so let’s- let’s be clear, many vaccines, the safety wanes over time, however there is a threshold impact, and so long as you are above that threshold by way of safety, you are secure. And so by and enormous, when folks have had two doses of the prevailing MMR vaccine that is utilized in the US, they keep, for all intents and functions, lifetime immunity in opposition to measles.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Secretary Kennedy spoke to my colleague, Dr. Jon LaPook earlier this week, following the dying of a second unvaccinated little one in Texas on account of measles. Kennedy reiterated folks ought to get the MMR vaccine. Take a pay attention.

(TAKE VIDEO)

DR. JON LAPOOK: What is the place philosophically of the federal authorities by way of public well being? 

HHS SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: The federal Authorities’s place, my place is, folks ought to get the measles vaccine, however if- the federal government shouldn’t be mandating these– 

DR. JON LAPOOK: Perceive, however the–

HHS SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: – I all the time mentioned throughout my marketing campaign and in each half, each public assertion I’ve made: I am not gonna take folks’s vaccines away from them. What I am gonna do is ensure that we’ve good science so that individuals could make an knowledgeable alternative. 

(END VIDEO)

MARGARET BRENNAN: Is {that a} adequate endorsement? 

DR. MARKS: So I am not going to remark to that, however I will inform you as a public well being skilled. I will inform you what an endorsement of the measles vaccine feels like proper now. In case you can hear my voice proper now, and you’ve got a toddler that’s unvaccinated in opposition to measles, we’ve measles spreading on this nation very considerably. You would not put your little one in a again seat of a automobile with out being strapped into their automobile seat. You wish to get your little one vaccinated in opposition to measles in order that they do not have a one in a thousand likelihood of dying from measles in the event that they contract it. There is not any purpose to place your little one at that danger, as a result of the vaccine doesn’t trigger dying, it doesn’t trigger encephalitis and it doesn’t trigger autism. So a vaccine that’s secure, sure, sometimes children get fevers. In case you do not preserve the fevers down, about 15 in 100,000 will get a convulsion that occurs as soon as it goes away. However for those who take their temperatures, preserve it down, that is unlikely. And the opposite 4 or 5 uncomfortable side effects per 100,000 are ones that come and go. So, very secure vaccine that’s going to probably defend your little one and save its life. And there is just- the problem right here is we must always love our youngsters sufficient that for those who care about your little one, identical to you’d strap them in that automobile seat, you are going to get them vaccinated with two doses of the measles vaccine. They are going to be nicely protected in opposition to this. As soon as you have had two doses of the measles vaccine, it is nearly remarkable {that a} little one dies of measles. Three or 4 % could get the measles, however it’s not a life threatening sickness, so it is actually vital to get vaccinated. Get your little one vaccinated if you could, you could have questions, ask your pediatrician, ask your well being care supplier. When you’ve got spiritual objections or points, go to your clergy member, as a result of most main religions really perceive how vital vaccination is, and they’ll go forward and inform you that it is okay to get vaccinated. So that is what an endorsement feels like. Simply make the comparability.

MARGARET BRENNAN: That needs to be extraordinarily irritating for you. As somebody who labored within the vaccine house for therefore lengthy, you clearly really feel that that is secure and efficient, and that not saying it clearly is endangering folks 

DR. MARKS: Yeah 

MARGARET BRENNAN: Am I understanding–

DR. MARKS: So one other method. Sure, No, exactly–

MARGARET BRENNAN: Your frustration? 

DR. MARKS: Precisely. However there’s a complete host of people that cannot converse out like I’m which might be saying, , this can be a vaccine for which the advantages so vastly outweigh the dangers that to not use it’s the equal of, once more, throwing- I imply, for those who noticed a toddler, for those who noticed a 15-month-old rolling round within the backseat of a automobile, you’d in all probability name Baby Protecting Companies. Now, I am not saying we must always have, we must always order dad and mom to do that, as a result of I do not wish to get into the entire subject of mandates, however we must always have an ethical duty to guard our youngsters in opposition to one thing that might probably be life threatening, notably when it is spreading throughout the US the way in which it’s. Simply this week, we now have further states which were declared as outbreak states. Meaning they’ve at the least three instances of measles in them. There are actually seven states, the epicenter being clearly Texas, however now Indiana has an outbreak. Ohio has an outbreak. So you possibly can see these are locations which might be very regarding, notably as a result of Ohio, Pennsylvania, these are states which have Amish populations, that sometimes have vaccination charges which might be may be as little as within the low 20% vary.

MARGARET BRENNAN: You mentioned there are folks such as you who cannot converse freely. You possibly can converse freely since you’re now not on the FDA. 

DR. MARKS: Appropriate. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: You are saying your former colleagues cannot straight reply a query. They can not truthfully reply a query and endorse a vaccine, proper now?

DR. MARKS: I believe it is difficult on this surroundings for a few of them, however you’d should ask them straight. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: Yeah, in your resignation letter, you wrote of the measles outbreak, and what occurs when confidence in science is undermined. You mentioned it is clear fact and transparency will not be desired by the Secretary, however fairly he needs subservient affirmation of his misinformation and lies. Did you ever converse to him about your considerations? 

DR. MARKS: So only a matter of document, I by no means interacted with the secretary. I do not, I do not intend to interact on, , disputing any of that.its administration can have me come and go. That is high quality. The extra vital factor right here is that we take care of the problem at hand, which is vaccine confidence is de facto vital for this nation, and it has been undermined over and over over the previous years, and now we’re seeing the results of this. By the way in which, it isn’t simply measles. We had two deaths in Louisiana from whooping cough, which is brought on by pertussis. Once more, these are deaths that in underneath vaccinated or unvaccinated populations, we do not must be seeing. And I do not purchase the concept that we have to take a break from infectious illnesses to take care of persistent illnesses. We are able to do each. We’re an amazing nation, and we must always have the ability to do each.

MARGARET BRENNAN: That’s the present said coverage of the secretary. What you simply mentioned, wanting extra at persistent.

DR. MARKS: You will should say whether or not it’s or not. I can simply inform you that, from my perspective, I believe we’ve a broad sufficient public well being enterprise to do each. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: However what you appear to be saying there, and I believe it will get to the core of what scientists do is you are dealing actually, and you might be continuously questioning the evolution of the science and adjusting conclusions you want to have the ability to absorb data. You’re saying right here that the person working HHS does not absorb data, needs subservient affirmation of misinformation and lies. There’s presumed outcomes, is what you are saying.

DR. MARKS: I believe that my phrases then spoke for itself. I need not belabor it right here. You already know, science is the pursuit of goal fact for the good thing about mankind and people of us who imagine in it, we we take it very significantly, and it hurts us deeply when there are those that would undercut the title of science, undercut the very title of science, as a result of It is handy for them to purvey lies. And that is simply, it isn’t okay, as a result of on the finish of the day, I used to be so strongly affected by what occurred final week with the dying of a second little one that I really, really used profanity with a reporter with out whereas I used to be on the document with out realizing it, which is one thing I’ve by no means performed. I just- individuals who know me know that simply I attempt to keep away from it, and it simply confirmed me how badly I used to be affected. As a result of even one dying, even a single dying on this nation from measles, it is simply it isn’t excusable. It is not, and a second dying. And I actually, I do not imagine that we must be saying, nicely, these are individuals who imagine that they should not be vaccinated. As a result of my experience–

MARGARET BRENNAN: –The Mennonite neighborhood.

DR. MARKS: The Mennonite neighborhood. My expertise is that for those who meet folks on their degree, they typically will ultimately come round. As a result of in usually, in each spiritual neighborhood, you finally discover somebody who understands that a part of that spiritual perception is that you do not hurt those that can not help themselves. We’re as adults, can handle our youngsters. And I believe I haven’t got any downside of engaged on the religion degree with folks and telling them, look, , if you- let me attempt to reply all of your medical questions, and for those who’re nonetheless left with religion points that that you simply really feel like God will present to your little one. Effectively, guess what, God offered me. I find out about science. Science has offered us with these vaccines that may save your kid’s life. God helps those that assist themselves. So we’ve to, we’ve to speak higher. I am not- I am the primary to acknowledge that over the course of the previous years, notably throughout the COVID 19 pandemic, we may have communicated higher as scientists. So you are not going to get any arguments with- from me on that. However proper now, with this disaster, there isn’t any purpose why we must always not as a rustic be making a full courtroom press to get our measles vaccination charges above 90%, as a result of in any other case we’re not going to get this underneath management. And for many who cannot, for many who actually do not care about little infants dying or youngsters dying, I am going to inform you what is going to occur too, as soon as we lose measles elimination standing, we’ll then be pressured, probably, once we go abroad, to locations in Europe which have achieved elimination standing, we’ll have to indicate little yellow playing cards exhibiting that we’ve both immunity or been vaccinated in opposition to measles.

MARGARET BRENNAN: –These little vaccination passports–

DR. MARKS: Proper, these little passports yeah. Now, however, however, I imply, I am, I am embarrassed to even use that as a purpose, as a result of I could not care much less. What I actually care about is the truth that alongside the way in which of getting there, we can have extra deaths.

MARGARET BRENNAN: I respect the whole lot you are laying on the market. I wish to speak to you about a few of what occurred throughout COVID as nicely, however to observe up on- notably the MMR vaccine. You already know the place I am going subsequent, the allegations of that particular vaccine and hyperlinks to autism. Many dad and mom in all probability know ASD prognosis charges are on the rise on this nation. The CDC says the present numbers are one in 36 American youngsters. It is a huge- very broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental problems. There is not any established trigger, however yesterday- on Thursday, the HHS Secretary, Kennedy, mentioned he is bought tons of of scientists from around the globe engaged on it, and he promised this. 

(TAKE VIDEO)

HHS SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: By September, we’ll know what has induced the autism epidemic, and we’ll be- we’ll have the ability to get rid of these exposures.

(END VIDEO)

MARGARET BRENNAN: That provides large hope to lots of people. Are you aware something about that ongoing analysis?

DR. MARKS: I do know a minimal quantity of effort that is being occurring to attempt to relook at prior autism analysis, however I am not conscious of what’s being mentioned there. And I’d simply say the following- so I am any person who in my profession as a doctor taking good care of patients- and there are folks in all probability who’re listening to me now who know that I cared for leukemia sufferers for a big variety of years. Giving folks false hope is one thing it is best to by no means do. It’s absolutely- you may be extremely supportive of individuals, however giving them false hope is wrong–

MARGARET BRENNAN: –Are you able to–

DR. MARKS: Until someone- except any person really is aware of the reply or has a fairly good thought of the reply proper now, or thinks they’ve a good suggestion of the reply, I do not see how one may have- as a scientist, I am not talking about something. In case you simply ask me, as a scientist, is it attainable to get the reply that shortly? I do not see any attainable method. And bear in mind, you are speaking to the one that got here up with Operation Warp Pace for vaccines. Autism is an extremely difficult subject, so we’ve the problem of prognosis bias. We do not know what number of of these instances are true- how a lot of that is true development of autism, how a lot of that is simply that we now have diagnostic standards and we diagnose it extra typically.

MARGARET BRENNAN: You are saying- simply to be clear right here, since you hear Secretary Kennedy typically examine charges now to when he was a toddler. What you might be saying is that the broad array of issues underneath that ASD umbrella has solely widened, so it was a a lot narrower class than what it’s now.

DR. MARKS: Proper. And I am not denying that there could possibly be environmental- and we all know there are in all probability genetic options, there have been publications in scientific journals. There are genetic and environmental prospects right here, however the totality of all these interactions and checking out this unimaginable complexity, to strive to try this in six months time- my calculation of what number of months it’s until September, I do not- you possibly can assist try this, however six months time–

MARGARET BRENNAN: Until you are shopping for analysis from any person else who’s already within the midst of it? 

DR. MARKS: Sure.

MARGARET BRENNAN: I imply, is that credible solution to come to a conclusion?

DR. MARKS: He could pay attention to a bunch of analysis that I am not conscious of, and that is why I will be respectful right here. I might love- one thing? I just- I might love to listen to it offered. However the piece, although, that I’ll put to- put to you that I can’t settle for as a explanation for autism is the MMR vaccine- or, for that matter, any of the opposite vaccines we use as a result of we have studied them in so many tens of millions of kids. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: We will- I wish to come as much as you particularly on this subject, as a result of the President the US mentioned one thing synthetic is inflicting autism charges to go up on Thursday, he mentioned, perhaps you cease taking one thing, you cease consuming one thing, or perhaps it is a shot, however one thing’s inflicting it. Proper after that, RFK appeared- the HHS Secretary, appeared on Fox News and dismissed 14 research which have proven no hyperlink between autism and vaccines. He mentioned it’s an epidemic.

(TAKE VIDEO)

HHS SECRETARY ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: Epidemics will not be brought on by genes. Genes can present a vulnerability, however you want an environmental toxin. So we all know that it’s an environmental toxin that’s inflicting this cataclysm, and we’re going to determine it.

(END VIDEO) 

MARGARET BRENNAN: Is there scientific proof ruling out genetics as a explanation for ASD?

DR. MARKS: There is not any- there isn’t any scientific proof ruling out genetics. The truth is, there’s knowledge which were printed that say that genetics could contribute to autism. There are clearly knowledge that can- that recommend that maybe environmental elements could, however one needs to be extremely careful- extremely cautious about making associations between environmental elements and autism. There is a great graphic that exhibits that Coca-Cola enhance goes together with the rise in autism. However there’s additionally a beautiful graphic that you will discover on-line that exhibits that the rise in spending on natural meals additionally goes together with the rise in autism. False causality. Scientists don’t wish to discover false causality. We wish to discover true causality. And perhaps, to illustrate this- these of us who- lots of the folks at FDA are like me, we have spent six years- I spent six years after getting a university diploma, getting an MD and a PhD. I spent six years after that coaching in inner medication and getting- doing a fellowship in in hematology oncology in order that I’ve three board certifications. After that, I labored in educational medication, in business and in authorities on actually specializing in human well being. We now have a fairly good sense of science. And so the query is, I hope that individuals, at the least once they’re listening me immediately, discover me a reputable witness to say that if I am telling you that- it is onerous to belief folks that you simply see on TV, however for those who’re listening to my voice, I hope I am a reputable witness in help of the science behind the profit and risk- notably for the MMR vaccine, however it’s true for vaccines typically. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: You mentioned there could also be environmental elements, environmental toxins. He mentioned, “We all know it’s an environmental toxin.” How will you understand it if the research is ongoing? 

DR. MARKS: I am not going to interact once more with Mr. Kennedy on this, however I will inform you how science works. Science, when it is performed as it- at its greatest, is preserving an open thoughts to all the probabilities. I do not find out about this, with a lot of instances we’ve, for certain what causes- and that is as a result of I am not an skilled in autism. And at the least the folks I speak to are additionally questioning and and attempting to take a look at all of the totally different prospects of environmental, genetic, and it could possibly be one or the opposite or interactions, however I do not suppose anyone has that information that they’ll converse dispositively like that. Individuals who do not know science, individuals who do not understand how science works, individuals who wish to management different folks by pseudoscience – they speak in absolute phrases. However you will- the way in which you detect a real scientist from a pseudo scientist is as a result of it is very uncommon for scientists to talk in absolutes. There are some absolutes. If I take this mug and drop it now, I do know that gravity goes to make it fall to the bottom, and it should in all probability break and make a multitude within the studio. Alternatively, most issues will not be that black and white, and we do not converse in absolutes. Whereas pseudoscientists discover it very simple to talk in absolutes as a result of they are not really wanting to make use of science for the good thing about mankind, they’re often utilizing science for their very own profit.

MARGARET BRENNAN: You spoke about credentials, it stood out to us that Secretary Kennedy has employed somebody named David Geier to conduct evaluation of the hyperlinks between autism and vaccines. He was charged by the state of Maryland in 2011 with training medication and not using a license. That was weeks after his father’s medical license was suspended for placing autistic youngsters in danger by giving them a hormone blocking agent. So what ought to the general public know or count on from the work that he’ll do for the U.S. authorities?

DR. MARKS: So all I can say is I’d not concede- he is to the perfect of my information, he is not had any coaching after school in any of the sciences that we worth right here. What I believe we are able to count on is the anticipated: that there shall be an affiliation decided between vaccines and autism, as a result of it is already been decided. This isn’t how science is performed. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: You are saying there is a preconceived notion he is going into the research with is what you are saying.

DR. MARKS: I do know the physique of proof that his- his father, who not too long ago handed away, and I do know what Mr. Geier has written up to now, that they’ve a agency and stuck notion that vaccines trigger autism. So it is very onerous for me to see how we’ll get to every other thought than vaccines trigger autism.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Effectively, we’ll look ahead to the result of his analysis, however it may have impression, clearly, on vaccines, and uptake of them or religion in them.

DR. MARKS: Yeah. So I simply I- I- I believe, as somebody who believes within the power of our nation, our power is that we stay wholesome as a nation. And we shall be much less wholesome as a nation if we do not reap the benefits of vaccines, and our adversaries will snigger at us, as a result of I sincerely doubt that nations like China will really sit round and- and suppose that, , oh, we must always have doubt about measles vaccine. They know that measles vaccine works, and they are going to have their populations vaccinated. I’d additionally say to you one different factor, whereas I’ve a second on measles.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Positive.

DR. MARKS: To match our numbers of measles instances to the WHO Europe area, which incorporates Romania, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, different locations which have much less strong public well being efforts than we do, is just- that is simply not the fitting factor to do. We must be evaluating our measles response now to what we completed throughout the first twenty years of the twentieth century, till the 2019 measles outbreak, which is, we should not be having any deaths from measles. We should not be- I’ve had this downside with a number of individuals–and that is the closest you may get me to a press release which may be just a little bit out there–to dismiss youngsters’s deaths on account of infectious illnesses which might be preventable by vaccines as simply anticipated or not an enormous deal, that is simply not acceptable to me. I’ve watched in my life shut relations, two youngsters who’ve died of parents- these dad and mom had been damaged. They had been damaged for years, and it is bringing tears to my eyes proper now. No household ought to should lose a toddler. Even- I- I really feel for the households in Texas, even people who really feel that they did the fitting factor by not giving their little one the measles vaccine as a result of God wished it, I really feel for them, as a result of they needlessly misplaced a toddler.

MARGARET BRENNAN: There are extra vaccines your colleagues on the FDA are nonetheless engaged on. I wish to ask you concerning the Novavax COVID vaccine approval. It was delayed. Are you aware of any purpose why the FDA should not be approving this COVID vaccine?

DR. MARKS: So I actually cannot discuss issues which might be nonetheless under- into consideration by the company that I used to be concerned in, however I’d say that the truth that we have not heard something about it- as a result of usually, by the aim date for these we’re supposed to listen to about them, it is regarding.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Regarding to you since you suppose there could also be a change in our authorities’s strategy to vaccine approval going ahead?

DR. MARKS: I assume on a bigger scale, stepping again from any explicit vaccine. I believe simply the truth that I used to be let go is a priority to me. I believe- I hope that it wasn’t due to my work on cell tissue gene therapies and on modernizing the blood donation insurance policies that somebody thought I did one thing flawed. I think–

MARGARET BRENNAN: Why would they suppose that?

DR. MARKS: I do not know, I do not know, however I think it was as a result of we wished to- there was a definite change in how the strategy to vaccines can be. And I- I perceive that it is a- it is a alternative, probably, that we wish to focus extra on persistent illnesses immediately. However that is like, , why would you- why would you de-emphasize one thing that’s so primary to public well being? It is like me telling you, , do not trouble anymore separating the place you get your ingesting water from, from the place you set your sewage. You’ll by no means try this, proper? As a result of that is going again 300 years when it was discovered that you simply should not do- try this. Why would we return to placing our youngsters in danger? Keep in mind that- keep in mind that in the- within the 18th century, in locations across the globe, 10% of people- 10% of individuals, died of smallpox as a result of they bought it sooner or later of their life. There have been populations the place it was 5%, populations 20%. We do not know what smallpox is anymore. Why? Due to vaccines. And anybody who tries to inform you that it was public well being or sanitation or the virus simply bought drained out, all they should do is- is have a look at how strong that virus is to know that the one purpose why it isn’t right here is due to vaccines.

MARGARET BRENNAN: There have been huge personnel cuts to many federal businesses, notably within the public well being house. It is about 10,000, I imagine greater than 3,000 on the FDA itself. What does the general public must know concerning the impression of these cuts?

DR. MARKS: It is- I believe what I can touch upon is that the folks which might be left behind are going to do their greatest to keep up the general public well being, okay? They’re struggling as a result of there’s loads to be performed. However they’re heroes. I- , the people who find themselves the heroes in public well being are the on a regular basis individuals who are available each day. They preserve tabs on the infections. They ensure that the vaccines which might be coming in for approvals might- work their method by means of. They ensure that outbreaks are investigated. These individuals are persevering with to do their job the perfect they presumably can. And it is my hope that, , issues set up appropriately.

MARGARET BRENNAN: Dr. Peter Marks, thanks to your time. 

DR. MARKS: Thanks a lot. 

MARGARET BRENNAN: We’ll be again in a second.